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large and heavy

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1 heavy

'hevi
adjective

1) (having great weight; difficult to lift or carry: a heavy parcel.) pesado

2) (having a particular weight: I wonder how heavy our little baby is.) pesado

3) (of very great amount, force etc: heavy rain; a heavy blow; The ship capsized in the heavy seas; heavy taxes.) fuerte, abundante

4) (doing something to a great extent: He's a heavy smoker/drinker.) empedernido

5) (dark and dull; looking or feeling stormy: a heavy sky/atmosphere.) cargado

6) (difficult to read, do, understand etc: Books on philosophy are too heavy for me.) pesado, denso; difícil

7) ((of food) hard to digest: rather heavy pastry.) pesado

8) (noisy and clumsy: heavy footsteps.) pesado

•

- heavily
- heaviness
- heavy-duty
- heavy industry
- heavyweight
- heavy going
- a heavy heart
- make heavy weather of

heavy adj

1. pesado

a heavy suitcase una maleta pesada

this bag is very heavy esta bolsa pesa mucho

2. fuerte / denso

heavy rain lluvia fuerte

heavy traffic un tráfico denso

to be a heavy sleeper dormir muy profundamente

to be a heavy smoker fumar mucho

El comparativo de heavy se escribe heavier; el superlativo se escribe heaviest

heavy

tr['hevɪ]

adjective (comp heavier, superl heaviest)

1 (gen) pesado,-a

2 (rain, blow) fuerte, pesado,-a

3 (traffic) denso,-a

4 (sleep) profundo,-a

■ he's a very heavy sleeper tiene el sueño muy profundo

5 (crop) abundante

6 (atmosphere) cargado,-a

7 (loss, expenditure) grande, considerable, cuantioso,-a

■ he got a heavy fine for speeding le pusieron una multa elevada por exceso de velocidad

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

to be a heavy drinker/smoker beber/fumar mucho

heavy industry industria pesada

heavy water agua pesada

heavy ['hɛvi] adj, heavier ; - est

1) weighty: pesado

2) dense, thick: denso, espeso, grueso

3) burdensome: oneroso, gravoso

4) profound: profundo

5) sluggish: lento, tardo

6) stout: corpulento

7) severe: severo, duro, fuerte

heavy

adj.

• amazacotado, -a adj.

• aplomado, -a adj.

• difícil adj.

• doble adj.

• espeso, -a adj.

• grave adj.

• gravoso, -a adj.

• lento, -a adj.

• modorra adj.

• morrocotudo, -a adj.

• pesado, -a adj.

• torpe adj.

I 'hevi
adjective -vier, -viest

1)

a) ( weighty) <load/suitcase/weight> pesado; <fabric/garment> grueso, pesado; < saucepan> de fondo grueso; < boots> fuerte

it's very heavy — es muy pesado, pesa mucho

heavy goods vehicle — vehículo m (de carga) de gran tonelaje

heavy work — trabajo m pesado

b) ( large-scale) (before n) <artillery/machinery> pesado

2)

a) ( ponderous) <tread/footstep/fall> pesado; < thud> sordo

b) < features> tosco, poco delicado; < eyelids> caído; <sarcasm/irony> poco sutil

a man of heavy build — un hombre fornido

a heavy hint — una indirecta muy directa (hum)

3)

a) ( oppressive) <clouds/sky> pesado

a heavy silence — un silencio violento or embarazoso

with a heavy heart — apesadumbrado, acongojado

b) ( loud) < sigh> profundo

heavy breathing — ( with exertion) resoplidos mpl; ( with passion) jadeos mpl

4)

a) ( bigger than usual) < expenditure> cuantioso; < crop> abundante

b) ( intense) < bookeatment> pesado, denso; < rain> fuerte; < traffic> denso; < schedule> apretado

to be a heavy drinker/smoker — beber/fumar mucho

he's a heavy sleeper — tiene el sueño pesado, duerme muy profundamente

I've got a heavy cold — tengo un resfriado muy fuerte, estoy muy resfriado

c) ( severe) <sentence/penalty> severo; < casualties> numeroso; < blow> duro, fuerte

heavy losses — grandes or cuantiosas pérdidas fpl

d) ( violent) (sl) bruto

the heavy mob moved in — entraron los matones

II

adverb

to lie/hang/weigh heavy on somebody/something — (liter) pesar sobre alguien/algo (liter)

III

count noun (pl - vies) (colloq) matón m (fam), gorila m (fam)

['hevɪ]
1. ADJ
(compar heavier) (superl heaviest)
1) (=weighty) pesado

you mustn't lift heavy weights — no debes levantar cargas pesadas

to be heavy — pesar mucho

is it heavy? — ¿pesa mucho?

how heavy are you? — ¿cuánto pesas?

• he has his father's heavy build — tiene la misma corpulencia de su padre

• his eyes were heavy (with sleep) — los párpados le pesaban de sueño

• my arms felt so heavy — me pesaban tanto los brazos

• the mayor's heavy mob * — los gorilas del alcalde

• the trees were heavy with fruit — los árboles estaban cargados de fruta

2) (=considerable) [traffic] denso; [rain, shower] fuerte; [crop] abundante; [loss] considerable, cuantioso; [fine] fuerte; [defeat] aplastante; [irony, symbolism] enorme; [fighting, fire] intenso

there had been a heavy fall of snow — había caído una fuerte nevada

• the news came as a heavy blow — la noticia fue un duro golpe

• a heavy concentration of troops — una gran concentración de tropas

• heavy demand has depleted supplies — una intensa or enorme demanda ha reducido las existencias

• to be a heavy drinker — beber mucho

• the school places heavy emphasis on languages — la escuela da mucha importancia a los idiomas

• to be heavy on sth: the car is heavy on petrol — el coche consume mucha gasolina

you've been a bit heavy on the butter — se te ha ido un poco la mano con la mantequilla

• he is under heavy pressure to resign — le están presionando enormemente para que dimita

• the heavy scent of honeysuckle — el intenso or fuerte olor a madreselva

• to be a heavy smoker — fumar mucho
casualty, price
3) (=thick, solid) [cloth, coat, line] grueso; [features] tosco; [meal, food] fuerte, pesado; [soil] arcilloso; [fog, mist] espeso, denso

the going was heavy because of the rain — el terreno estaba muy blando debido a la lluvia

heavy crude (oil) — crudo m denso or pesado

4) (=oppressive, gloomy) [atmosphere] cargado; [sky] encapotado; [burden, responsibility] pesado

I found this talk of marriage a bit heavy — esa conversación sobre el matrimonio me resultaba algo pesada

• with a heavy heart — apesadumbrado, acongojado

• the air was heavy with scent — el aire estaba cargado de perfume

5) (=deep) [sigh, sleep, silence] profundo

• heavy breather — (on telephone) maníaco m telefónico

• heavy breathing — (from exertion) jadeos mpl, resoplidos mpl

his heavy breathing kept me awake — respiraba tan fuerte que no me dejaba dormir, sus jadeos no me dejaban dormir

• to be a heavy sleeper — tener el sueño profundo

6) (=arduous) [task, work] pesado; [schedule] apretado

I've had a heavy day — he tenido un día muy liado or ajetreado
weather
7) (=boring, laboured) [book, film, humour] denso, pesado

• to be heavy going — [book, film] ser muy denso

the conversation was heavy going — era difícil encontrar temas de conversación

• his new album/book is pretty heavy stuff — su nuevo álbum es bastante fuerte

8) (=bad)

• to have a heavy cold — estar muy resfriado or acatarrado

• he had had a heavy fall — había tenido una mala caída

• to get heavy, things got a bit heavy — (=nasty) la cosa se puso fea

9) (=rough) [sea] grueso

2. N

1) * (=thug) matón * m, gorila * m

2) * (=eminent person) peso m pesado

3) * (=newspaper) periódico m serio

4) (Scot) (beer) cerveza f tostada

3.

ADV

• time hung heavy (on our hands) — las horas/los días etc se nos hacían interminables

the shadow of war hung heavy over the city — la sombra de la guerra pesaba sobre la ciudad

• his son's troubles weighed heavy on his mind — los problemas de su hijo le preocupaban mucho

4.

CPD

heavy artillery N — artillería f pesada

heavy cream N — (US) nata f para montar (Sp), nata f enriquecida

heavy goods NPL — artículos mpl pesados

heavy goods vehicle N — vehículo m pesado

heavy guns NPL — = heavy artillery

heavy industry N — industria f pesada

heavy metal N — (Chem, Ind) metal m pesado; (Mus) heavy m (metal)

heavy type N — negrita f

heavy water N — (Phys) agua f pesada

* * *

I ['hevi]
adjective -vier, -viest

1)

a) ( weighty) <load/suitcase/weight> pesado; <fabric/garment> grueso, pesado; < saucepan> de fondo grueso; < boots> fuerte

it's very heavy — es muy pesado, pesa mucho

heavy goods vehicle — vehículo m (de carga) de gran tonelaje

heavy work — trabajo m pesado

b) ( large-scale) (before n) <artillery/machinery> pesado

2)

a) ( ponderous) <tread/footstep/fall> pesado; < thud> sordo

b) < features> tosco, poco delicado; < eyelids> caído; <sarcasm/irony> poco sutil

a man of heavy build — un hombre fornido

a heavy hint — una indirecta muy directa (hum)

3)

a) ( oppressive) <clouds/sky> pesado

a heavy silence — un silencio violento or embarazoso

with a heavy heart — apesadumbrado, acongojado

b) ( loud) < sigh> profundo

heavy breathing — ( with exertion) resoplidos mpl; ( with passion) jadeos mpl

4)

a) ( bigger than usual) < expenditure> cuantioso; < crop> abundante

b) ( intense) <book/treatment> pesado, denso; < rain> fuerte; < traffic> denso; < schedule> apretado

to be a heavy drinker/smoker — beber/fumar mucho

he's a heavy sleeper — tiene el sueño pesado, duerme muy profundamente

I've got a heavy cold — tengo un resfriado muy fuerte, estoy muy resfriado

c) ( severe) <sentence/penalty> severo; < casualties> numeroso; < blow> duro, fuerte

heavy losses — grandes or cuantiosas pérdidas fpl

d) ( violent) (sl) bruto

the heavy mob moved in — entraron los matones

II

adverb

to lie/hang/weigh heavy on somebody/something — (liter) pesar sobre alguien/algo (liter)

III

count noun (pl - vies) (colloq) matón m (fam), gorila m (fam)

English-spanish dictionary > heavy
2 heavy

['hevɪ] 1. прил.
1) тяжёлый, тяжеловесный

heavy load — тяжёлый груз

How heavy are you? — Сколько вы весите?

Protons are nearly 2000 times as heavy as electrons. — Протоны почти в 2000 раз тяжелее электронов.

Syn:

weighty, ponderous

Ant:

light

2) тяжёлый, крупный, массивный

heavy horses — тяжеловозы

heavy pan — сковородка, кастрюля с толстым дном

heavy industry — тяжёлая промышленность

The boy is so heavy he needs extra-large shirts. — Мальчик настолько крупный, что ему нужны рубашки самого большого размера.

3) обогащённый, насыщенный

the air heavy with the rich perfume of the acacias — воздух, напоённый запахом акаций

She brought in a tray heavy with elegant sandwiches, scones and cakes. — Она внесла поднос, уставленный изящными бутербродами, булочками и пирожными.

the words seeming to her heavy with meaning... — cлова, казавшиеся ей наполненными глубоким смыслом...

4) воен. тяжёлый; тяжело вооружённый ( о солдатах)

heavy cavalry — тяжёлая кавалерия

modern heavy bombers — современные тяжёлые бомбардировщики

heavy (marching) order — переход, построение с полной выкладкой

5)

а) сильный, интенсивный

heavy traffic — интенсивное движение

heavy thunderstorm — сильная гроза

heavy sea — бурное море

heavy mist — густой туман

Heavy fighting has been going on. — Тяжёлый бой всё ещё продолжается.

б) обильный, буйный ( о растительности)

6) тяжёлый ( о пище), трудно перевариваемый

7) беременная

Syn:

gravid, pregnant

8) мрачный, тёмный, покрытый тучами (об погоде, облаках, небе)

Syn:

lowering, gloomy

9) грубый, толстый

Heavy lines on the map indicate main roads. — Толстой линией на карте обозначены главные дороги.

Syn:

thick, coarse

10) густой, низкий ( о звуке)

11)

а) тяжёлый, неуклюжий, медлительный; вялый, медленный

I recognized his heavy step on the stairs. — Я узнал его медленные тяжёлые шаги на лестнице.

б) медленно соображающий, скучный, нудный

If there is anything worse it is a heavy man when he fancies he is being facetious. — Если есть что-нибудь хуже, так это когда зануда воображает себя остроумным.

в) осовелый, сонный

Syn:

sleepy, drowsy

•

Syn:

ponderous, lumbering, lumpish, slow, sluggish, clumsy, unwieldy

12)

а) скучный, неинтересный, утомительный ( обычно в отношении театральных постановок и литературных произведений)

Syn:

dull, ponderous, tedious, uninteresting

б) серьёзный (о толстых журналах, газетах, предназначенных для серьёзного читателя)

This philosophy book is too heavy for me to enjoy. — Эта книга по философии слишком серьёзна, чтобы я ею наслаждался.

Syn:

serious

в) разг. глубокий, серьёзный

The job carries heavy responsibilities. — Работа предполагает большую ответственность.

13)

а) театр. серьёзный; резонёрствующий; трагический

John started off in heavy drama. — Джон начинал с трагедии.

б) строгий, жёсткий

- heavy father
- heavy uncle
Syn:

stern, repressive, unbending

14)

а) тяжёлый, мрачный; печальный, грустный, скорбный; тяжкий

heavy calamity — тяжёлое бедствие

It is with a heavy heart that I speak to you tonight. — С тяжёлым сердцем я говорю сегодня с вами.

The world has been very heavy on him. — Жизнь его была просто невыносима.

To the great body of mankind this was heavy news. — Для большинства людей это было очень печальное известие.

Syn:

oppressive, grievous, sore, distressful, sorrowful

б) тяжёлый, обременительный; высокий (о цене, налоге)

The taxes on personal property are getting heavy. — Налоги на личное имущество становятся очень обременительными.

Going bankrupt was a heavy blow to his pride. — Банкротство оказалось очень тяжёлым ударом по его самолюбию.

heavy casualties — воен. большие потери

Syn:

burdensome, crushing, onerous, oppressive

15) трудный, утомительный, требующий большого напряжения и труда

The work, he said, was heavy; but he said it must be done. — Работа, как он сказал, была тяжёлой, но её необходимо было выполнить.

Syn:

laborious, toilsome

16) плохо поднявшийся ( о тесте); плохо пропечённый (о хлебе и т. п.)

heavy bread — сырой хлеб

17) рьяный

I have been a very heavy drinker. — Я очень много пил.

The heavy betters began to quake at this change of things. — Заядлые игроки содрогнулись от этой перемены.

18) вязкий, глинистый (о почве, дороге)

The ground was so heavy from recent rains. — После недавних дождей дорогу совсем развезло.

19) хим.; физ. тяжёлый

heavy isotope — тяжёлый изотоп

••

- heavy on hand
- heavy swell
- heavy man
- lie heavy upon
- sit heavy upon
- have a heavy hand
- make heavy weather of smth. 2. сущ.
1)

а) ( heavies) тяжёлая кавалерия, гвардейские драгуны

In the British service there are 7 regiments of heavies, viz. the dragoon guards. — В британской армии существует 7 полков тяжёлой кавалерии, а именно гвардейские драгуны.

б) ( heavies) тяжёлая военная техника; тяжёлая артиллерия

в) ( heavies) солидные толстые журналы, газеты

2)

а) автофургон, тяжёлый грузовик

б) тяжёлый бомбардировщик

в) что-л. очень большое и тяжёлое среди себе подобных

Heavies, very heavy beef cattle, more than two years old. — "Heavies" - очень крупный рогатый скот в возрасте свыше двух лет.

г) матч тяжеловесов; тяжеловес

Syn:

heavyweight

д) крепкий, крупный человек ( обычно сурового нрава)

Cherry is surrounded by threatening creatures, mostly the nightclub heavies. — Черри окружена опасными ребятами, в основном бугаями из ночных клубов.

3) разг. крепкое пиво

4) театр.

а) роль степенного, серьёзного человека, роль резонёра

б) роль злодея

5) ( heavies) тяжёлые отрасли промышленности; акции, доля в таких отраслях

•

- do the heavy
3. = heavily

Англо-русский современный словарь > heavy
3 top-heavy

прил.

1) общ. перевешивающий в верхней части; с основной массой, сосредоточенной в верхней части; с тяжелым верхом

2) упр. (имеющий слишком большое количество сотрудников на высших управленческих должностях по сравнению с количеством обычных работников)

a district that is top heavy with high-paid administrators and short on qualified teachers — округ, в котором слишком много высокооплачиваемых административных работников и слишком мало квалифицированных учителей

In business, if workers are productive but their company is top-heavy with administration and bureaucracy, the company will not be competitive. — В бизнесе, если работники продуктивны, но их компания перегружена административными работниками и бюрократией, компания не будет конкурентоспособна.

See:

level of management, hierarchy г), delayering

3) страх., эк. тр., амер. "с тяжелой верхушкой"*, перегруженный высокопоставленными [высокооплачиваемыми\] работниками [сотрудниками\]* (о пенсионном плане, в котором более 60% от текущей стоимости будущих пенсионных выплат или более 60% от суммарных накопленных взносов приходится на наиболее высокооплачиваемых ключевых сотрудников компании)

Our defined contribution plan is top-heavy for the year 2001. — Наш план с фиксированными взносами по состоянию на 2001 г. является планом "с тяжелой верхушкой".

Determining the top-heavy status of a plan must be done annually. — Определение того, обладает ли план статусом плана "с тяжелой верхушкой", должно осуществляться ежегодно.

In other words, the top-heavy rules are aimed at plans that provide a very large share of the benefits to highly compensated employees. — Иными словами, правила о "тяжелой верхушке" нацелены на планы, которые предоставляют очень большую долю выплат высокооплачиваемым работникам.

See:

top-heavy plan, top-heavy minimum contribution, top-heavy test

4) бирж. несбалансированный* (характеризующийся быстрым ростом курсов, чреватым последующим падением)

The US dollar was top-heavy against the yen in early afternoon Tokyo trade, after climbing above 108 yen on the announcement earlier of weaker-than-expected May industrial output data, dealers said. — Как сообщили дилеры, доллар США был несбалансированным против иены на послеобеденных торгах в Токио, после того, как он пробил уровень в 108 иен на вышедшим ранее сообщении о более слабом, чем ожидалось, промышленном выпуске в мае.

See:

market price, bottom 4), top 5), top-heaviness

Англо-русский экономический словарь > top-heavy
4 hefty

'hefti
adjective

1) ((of people) big and strong: Her husband is pretty hefty.) robusto, corpulento, fuerte, fornido

2) ((of punches etc) powerful: a hefty kick.) fuerte

hefty

tr['heftɪ]

adjective (comp heftier, superl heftiest)

1 (person) fuerte, fornido,-a, robusto,-a; (object) pesado,-a; (large quantity) grande, importante, considerable

■ he won a hefty amount of money ganó una suma importante de dinero

■ he received a hefty blow on the chin encajó un golpe fuerte en la barbilla

hefty ['hɛfti] adj, heftier ; - est : robusto, fornido, pesado

hefty

adj.

• fornido, -a adj.

• fuerte adj.

• pesado, -a adj.

'hefti
adjective -tier, -tiest (colloq)

a) ( large and heavy) < person> robusto, fornido, corpulento; <load/case> pesado

b) ( strong) <blow/pull> fuerte; < person> fuerte

c) ( substantial) <price/salary> alto; < fine> considerable

['heftɪ]
ADJ (compar heftier) (superl heftiest)
1) (=large) [person] corpulento, fornido; [object] enorme, imponente *; [increase] considerable; [profit, payment] cuantioso; [price, salary, fees] alto; [bill, debt] enorme; [meal] abundante; [dose] grande, mayúsculo *

a hefty fine — una multa muy cuantiosa, una buena multa *

a hefty book — un mamotreto *

2) (=powerful) [kick, punch] fuerte

3) (=heavy) pesado

* * *
['hefti]
adjective -tier, -tiest (colloq)

a) ( large and heavy) < person> robusto, fornido, corpulento; <load/case> pesado

b) ( strong) <blow/pull> fuerte; < person> fuerte

c) ( substantial) <price/salary> alto; < fine> considerable

English-spanish dictionary > hefty
5 Barnack, Oskar

SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics

[br]

b. 1879 Berlin, Germany

d. January 1936 Wetzlar, Germany

[br]

German camera designer who conceived the first Leica camera and many subsequent models.

[br]

Oskar Barnack was an optical engineer, introspective and in poor health, when in 1910 he was invited through the good offices of his friend the mechanical engineer Emil Mechau, who worked for Ernst Leitz, to join the company at Wetzlar to work on research into microscope design. He was engaged after a week's trial, and on 2 January 1911 he was put in charge of microscope research. He was an enthusiastic photographer, but excursions with his large and heavy plate camera equipment taxed his strength. In 1912, Mechau was working on a revolutionary film projector design and needed film to test it. Barnack suggested that it was not necessary to buy an expensive commercial machine— why not make one? Leitz agreed, and Barnack constructed a 35 mm movie camera, which he used to cover events in and around Wetzlar.

The exposure problems he encountered with the variable sensitivity of the cine film led him to consider the design of a still camera in which short lengths of film could be tested before shooting—a kind of exposure-meter camera. Dissatisfied with the poor picture quality of his first model, which took the standard cine frame of 18×24 mm, he built a new model in which the frame size was doubled to 36×24 mm. It used a simple focal-plane shutter adjustable to 1/500 of a second, and a Zeiss Milar lens of 42 mm focal length. This is what is now known as the UR-Leica. Using his new camera, 1/250 of the weight of his plate equipment, Barnack made many photographs around Wetzlar, giving postcard-sized prints of good quality.

Ernst Leitz Junior was lent the camera for his trip in June 1914 to America, where he was urged to put it into production. Visiting George Eastman in Rochester, Leitz passed on Barnack's requests for film of finer grain and better quality. The First World War put an end to the chances of developing the design at that time. As Germany emerged from the postwar chaos, Leitz Junior, then in charge of the firm, took Barnack off microscope work to design prototypes for a commercial model. Leitz's Chief Optician, Max Berek, designed a new lens, the f3.5 Elmax, for the new camera. They settled on the name Leica, and the first production models went on show at the Leipzig Spring Fair in 1925. By the end of the year, 1,000 cameras had been shipped, despite costing about two months' good wages.

The Leica camera established 35 mm still photography as a practical proposition, and film manufacturers began to create the special fine-grain films that Barnack had longed for. He continued to improve the design, and a succession of new Leica models appeared with new features, such as interchangeable lenses, coupled range-finders, 250 exposures. By the time of his sudden death in 1936, Barnack's life's work had forever transformed the nature of photography.

[br]

Further Reading

J.Borgé and G.Borgé, 1977, Prestige de la, photographie.

BC

Biographical history of technology > Barnack, Oskar
6 Lucas, Anthony Francis

SUBJECT AREA: Mining and extraction technology

[br]

b. 9 September 1855 Spalato, Dalmatia, Austria-Hungary (now Split, Croatia)

d. 2 September 1921 Washington, DC, USA

[br]

Austrian (naturalized American) mining engineer who successfully applied rotary drilling to oil extraction.

[br]

A former Second Lieutenant of the Austrian navy (hence his later nickname "Captain") and graduate of the Polytechnic Institute of Graz, Lucas decided to stay in Michigan when he visited his relatives in 1879. He changed his original name, Lucie, into the form his uncle had adopted and became a naturalized American citizen at the age of 30. He worked in the lumber industry for some years and then became a consulting mechanical and mining engineer in Washington, DC. He began working for a salt-mining company in Louisiana in 1893 and became interested in the geology of the Mexican Gulf region, with a view to prospecting for petroleum. In the course of this work he came to the conclusion that the hills in this elevated area, being geological structures distinct from the surrounding deposits, were natural reservoirs of petroleum. To prove his unusual theory he subsequently chose Spindle Top, near Beaumont, Texas, where in 1899 he began to bore a first oil-well. A second drill-hole, started in October 1900, was put through clay and quicksand. After many difficulties, a layer of rock containing marine shells was reached. When the "gusher" came out on 10 January 1901, it not only opened up a new era in the oil and gas business, but it also led to the future exploration of the terrestrial crust.

Lucas's boring was a breakthrough for the rotary drilling system, which was still in its early days although its principles had been established by the English engineer Robert Beart in his patent of 1884. It proved to have advantages over the pile-driving of pipes. A pipe with a simple cutter at the lower end was driven with a constantly revolving motion, grinding down on the bottom of the well, thus gouging and chipping its way downward. To deal with the quicksand he adopted the use of large and heavy casings successively telescoped one into the other. According to Fauvelle's method, water was forced through the pipe by means of a pump, so the well was kept full of circulating liquid during drilling, flushing up the mud. When the salt-rock was reached, a diamond drill was used to test the depth and the character of the deposit.

When the well blew out and flowed freely he developed a preventer in order to save the oil and, even more importantly at the time, to shut the well and to control the oil flow. This assembly, patented in 1903, consisted of a combined system of pipes, valves and casings diverting the stream into a horizontal direction.

Lucas's fame spread around the world, but as he had to relinquish the larger part of his interest to the oil company supporting the exploration, his financial reward was poor. One year after his success at Spindle Top he started oil exploration in Mexico, where he stayed until 1905, when he resumed his consulting practice in Washington, DC.

[br]

Bibliography

1899, "Rock-salt in Louisiana", Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 29:462–74.

1902, "The great oil-well near Beaumont, Texas", Transactions of the American

Institution of Mining Engineers 31:362–74.

Further Reading

R.S.McBeth, 1918, Pioneering the Gulf Coast, New York (a very detailed description of Lucas's important accomplishments in the development of the oil industry).

R.T.Hill, 1903, "The Beaumont oil-field, with notes on other oil-fields of the Texas region", Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 33:363–405;

Transactions of the American Institution of Mining Engineers 55:421–3 (contain shorter biographical notes).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Lucas, Anthony Francis
7 Ilgner, Karl

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 27 July 1862 Neisse, Upper Silesia (now Nysa, Poland)

d. 18 January 1921 Berthelsdorf, Silesia

[br]

German electrical engineer, inventor of a transformer for electromotors.

[br]

Ilgner graduated from the Gewerbeakademie (the forerunner of the Technical University) in Berlin. As the representative of an electric manufacturing company in Breslau (now Wroclaw, Poland) from 1897, he was confronted with the fact that there were no appropriate drives for hoisting-engines or rolling-plants in steelworks. Two problems prevented the use of high-capacity electric motors in the mining as well as in the iron and steel industry: the reactions of the motors on the circuit at the peak point of stress concentration; and the complicated handling of the control system which raised the risks regarding safety. Having previously been head of the department of electrical power transmission in Hannover, he was concerned with the development of low-speed direct-current motors powered by gas engines.

It was Harry Ward Leonard's switchgear for direct-current motors (USA, 1891) that permitted sudden and exact changes in the speed and direction of rotation without causing power loss, as demonstrated in the driving of a rolling sidewalk at the Paris World Fair of 1900. Ilgner connected this switchgear to a large and heavy flywheel which accumulated the kinetic energy from the circuit in order to compensate shock loads. With this combination, electric motors did not need special circuits, which were still weak, because they were working continuously and were regulated individually, so that they could be used for driving hoisting-engines in mines, rolling-plants in steelworks or machinery for producing tools and paper. Ilgner thus made a notable advance in the general progress of electrification.

His transformer for hoisting-engines was patented in 1901 and was commercially used inter alia by Siemens \& Halske of Berlin. Their first electrical hoisting-engine for the Zollern II/IV mine in Dortmund gained international reputation at the Düsseldorf exhibition of 1902, and is still preserved in situ in the original machine hall of the mine, which is now a national monument in Germany. Ilgner thereafter worked with several companies to pursue his conception, became a consulting engineer in Vienna and Breslau and had a government post after the First World War in Brussels and Berlin until he retired for health reasons in 1919.

[br]

Bibliography

1901, DRP no. 138, 387 1903, "Der elektrische Antrieb von Reversier-Walzenstraßen", Stahl und Eisen 23:769– 71.

Further Reading

W.Kroker, "Karl Ilgner", Neue Deutsche Biographie, Vol. X, pp. 134–5. W.Philippi, 1924, Elektrizität im Bergbau, Leipzig (a general account).

K.Warmbold, 1925, "Der Ilgner-Umformer in Förderanlagen", Kohle und Erz 22:1031–36 (a detailed description).

WK

Biographical history of technology > Ilgner, Karl
8 Wilde, Henry

SUBJECT AREA: Electricity

[br]

b. 1833 Manchester, England

d. 28 March 1919 Alderley Edge, Cheshire, England

[br]

English inventor and pioneer manufacturer of electrical generators.

[br]

After completing a mechanical engineering apprenticeship Wilde commenced in business as a telegraph and lightning conductor specialist in Lancashire. Several years spent on the design of an alphabetic telegraph resulted in a number of patents. In 1864 he secured a patent for an electromagnetic generator which gave alternating current from a shuttle-wound armature, the field being excited by a small direct-current magneto. Wilde's invention was described to the Royal Society by Faraday in March 1866. When demonstrated at the Paris Exhibition of 1867, Wilde's machine produced sufficient power to maintain an arc light. The small size of the generator provided a contrast to the large and heavy magnetoelectric machines also exhibited. He discovered, by experiment, that alternators in synchronism could be connected in parallel. At about the same time John Hopkinson arrived at the same conclusions on theoretical grounds.

Between 1866 and 1877 he sold ninety-four machines with commutators for electroplating purposes, a number being purchased by Elkingtons of Birmingham. He also supplied generators for the first use of electric searchlights on battleships. In his early experiments Wilde was extremely close to the discovery of true self-excitation from remnant magnetism, a principle which he was to discover in 1867 on machines intended for electroplating. His patents proved to be financially successful and he retired from business in 1884. During the remaining thirty-five years of his life he published many scientific papers, turning from experimental work to philosophical and, finally, theological matters. His record as an inventor established him as a pioneer of electrical engineering, but his lack of scientific training was to restrict his later contributions.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

FRS 1886.

Bibliography

1 December 1863, British patent no. 3,006 (alternator with a magneto-exciter).

1866, Proceedings of the Royal Society 14:107–11 (first report on Wilde's experiments). 1900, autobiographical note, Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers 29:3–17.

Further Reading

W.W.Haldane Gee. 1920, biography, Memoirs, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 63:1–16 (a comprehensive account).

P.Dunsheath, 1962, A History of Electrical Engineering, London: Faber \& Faber, pp. 110–12 (a short account).

GW

Biographical history of technology > Wilde, Henry
9 HEAVE

\#amorta- (only part. amortala is attested), HEAVE (of large and heavy things:) rúma- (shift, move) (part. rúmala is attested) –MC:222 cf. 215, MC:223, 222

Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > HEAVE
10 MOVE

(intransitive verb) lev-; also (of large and heavy things moving) rúma- (part. rúmala is attested) (shift, heave). SUDDEN MOVE (noun) rinca (twitch, jerk, trick) –PE16:132, MC:223, 222, VT46:11 cf. RIK(H)

Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > MOVE
11 SHIFT

(of large and heavy things:) rúma- (part. rúmala is attested) (heave, move) –MC:223, 222

Quettaparma Quenyallo (English-Quenya) > SHIFT
12 unit

организационная единица; боевая единица (напр. корабль, ЛА танк); подразделение; часть; соединение; расчетно-снабженческая единица; секция; орган; элемент; комплект; агрегат; установка; см. тж. element

bath(ing) and clothing unit — банно-прачечное подразделение

bulk petrol (transport) unit — Бр. часть [подразделение] подвоза наливного (бестарного) горючего

counter C3 unit — часть [подразделение] подавления системы оперативного управления и связи

Fleet Marine (Corps) reconnaissance unit — разведывательное подразделение [часть] флотских сил МП

multisensor (AA) firing unit 3PK — с приборным комплексом из нескольких систем обнаружения и сопровождения

photo (graphic) reconnaissance unit — фоторазведывательная часть [подразделение]

surface-launched unit, fuel air explosive — установка дистанционного разминирования объемным взрывом

surface-launched unit, mine — установка дистанционного минирования

tactical (air) control unit — часть [подразделение] управления ТА

war (time) strength (TOE) unit — часть, укомплектованная по штатам военного времени

— absorbed dose unit

— accounting unit

— activate a unit

— active filter unit

— active filtration unit

— active unit

— active-duty combat unit

— ad hoc unit

— adjoining unit

— administrative unit

— advanced infantry training/one-station unit training unit

— advanced marksmanship unit

— advanced training unit

— aerial delivery unit

— aerial surveillance unit

— aeromedical evacuation unit

— aeromedical staging unit

— affected unit

— affiliated unit

— afloat-based unit

— agent detector unit

— aggressor unit

— air base service unit

— air cavalry unit

— air defense unit

— air dispatch unit

— Air Force ground-based defence units

— air intelligence liaison unit

— air mission unit

— air photograph interpretation unit

— air portable unit

— air reserve unit

— air staging unit

— air transportable unit

— air transported unit

— air unit

— airborne unit

— aircraft delivery unit

— airmobile assault unit

— airmobile engineer unit

— airmobile motorcycle scout unit

— airmobile unit

— air-support control unit

— air-support signal unit

— air-support training unit

— all-jump unit

— all-tank unit

— ammunition dummy unit

— ammunition renovation unit

— ammunition unit

— amphibious beach unit

— amphibious training unit

— amphibious unit

— anti-intrusion alarm unit

— antisubmarine air search attack unit

— area service unit

— arming and destruct unit

— armor human research unit

— armored combat unit

— armored unit

— armor-heavy unit

— armoured reconnaissance unit

— armoured recovery unit

— Army Aeromedical Research unit

— Army Air Corps unit

— Army Aviation Trials unit

— artillery meteorological unit

— ASA unit

— assault aircraft unit

— assault craft unit

— assault phase firing unit

— assault shipping naval unit

— assault supporting naval unit

— assigned unit

— atomic demolition unit

— attached unit

— attitude reference unit

— augment a unit

— augmentation unit

— automatic laying control unit

— auxiliary beach signal unit

— auxiliary power unit

— auxiliary propulsion unit

— aviation survey unit

— aviation transportation unit

— aviation unit

— azimuth orientation unit

— backpack unit

— backup contingency unit

— backup support unit

— backup unit

— balanced unit

— base development unit

— base unit

— basic tactical unit

— basic unit

— bathing unit

— battalion-size unit

— battery computer unit

— battery display unit

— battle unit

— battlefield illumination unit

— beach defense unit

— beach jumper unit

— beach lighterage unit

— beach signal unit

— beachmaster unit

— blood supply unit

— BM unit

— boat unit

— bobtailed unit

— bomb dispenser unit

— bomb disposal unit

— bomb dummy unit

— bomb live unit

— bomb load unit

— bomb unit

— border operation unit

— branch composite unit

— bridge unit

— bus control unit

— cadet unit

— cadre unit

— cannon unit

— car unit

— care-taker unit

— carrier air unit

— carrier aircraft service unit

— carrier unit

— casual unit

— casualty air evacuation unit

— casualty-holding unit

— casualty-staging unit

— category I direct combat unit

— category I unit

— category II unit

— category III unit

— cavalry unit

— cavity unit

— central alarm unit

— central interpretation unit

— ceremonial drill unit

— chaff unit

— charging unit

— chemical decontaminating unit

— chemical processing unit

— chemical service unit

— chemical smoke generator unit

— chemical warfare unit

— cipher unit

— circuit switching unit

— civil affairs administration/military government unit

— civil affairs unit

— civil disturbance control unit

— civilian service unit

— clearing unit

— cluster bomb unit

— collecting and staging unit

— color-bearing unit

— combat air force units

— combat airlift support unit

— combat cargo air unit

— combat cargo unit

— combat construction unit

— combat effective unit

— combat engineer unit

— combat ineffective unit

— combat maneuver unit

— combat service support unit

— combat support unit

— combat train unit

— combat training unit

— combat unit

— combined diesel/gas turbine unit

— combined gas turbine/gas turbine propulsion unit

— combined-arms unit

— command destruct unit

— commando assault unit

— commission into a unit

— committed unit

— communications message traffic control unit

— communications unit

— companion unit

— composite unit

— construction unit

— container bomb unit

— continental US-based European reinforcing unit

— conventional unit

— conversion unit

— corps units

— counterguerilla unit

— counterinsurgency unit

— criminal investigations unit

— customer unit

— cut-off a unit

— data processing unit

— deactivate a unit

— defensive unit

— degassing unit

— delivery unit

— demining unit

— demonstration unit

— deploy a unit "two up"

— deployment capability improvement unit

— depot support unit

— detached unit

— develop a unit

— development unit

— dinner unit

— direct operational support unit

— direct reporting unit

— direct-support unit

— divisional units

— docks operating unit

— double-based units

— drill unit

— drinking-water treatment unit

— dry unit

— dual-based units

— economy-of-force unit

— education unit

— effective unit

— electrically energized stream-of-water projector backpack unit

— electromagnetic transmission control unit

— electronics research unit

— elite unit

— emergency communications unit

— emergency medical care unit

— emergency medical treatment unit

— emergency recovery unit

— encryption unit

— engineer amphibious unit

— engineer bridge unit

— engineer camouflage unit

— engineer construction unit

— engineer damage control unit

— engineer parachute unit

— engineer reconnaissance unit

— equipment holding unit

— EW unit

— executing unit

— explosive ordnance disposal unit

— fallout survey unit

— ferry service unit

— field bath unit

— field exchange unit

— field laundry unit

— field postal unit

— field storage unit

— field surgical unit

— field training unit

— fighter control unit

— fighting unit

— fill out a unit

— fill up a unit

— filter unit

— filtration unit

— finance disbursing unit

— fire control simulation unit

— fire control unit

— fire delivery unit

— fire support delivery unit

— fire-fighting unit

— first production unit

— first training unit

— fixed TOE unit

— fixed unit

— flag-bearing unit

— flame thrower service unit

— flame thrower unit

— flash generator unit

— flexible unit

— flying training unit

— flying unit

— force troops unit

— forward observer target survey unit

— forward unit

— front-line unit

— fuel servicing unit

— full TOE unit

— full-strength unit

— gaining unit

— garrison unit

— gas-particles filter unit

— general construction unit

— general recruiting unit

— general service unit

— general support unit

— ghost unit

— glide bomb unit

— GM service unit

— GM unit

— graves control unit

— graves registration unit

— ground surveillance unit

— guards parachute regimental unit

— guards unit

— guidance control unit

— guided bomb unit

— gun aircraft unit

— handle a unit

— hard-core unit

— hauling unit

— heavy large unit

— heavy maintenance unit

— heliborne unit

— helicopter ambulance unit

— holding unit

— home defence unit

— Home Defense unit

— honeycomb guide unit

— hospital augmentation unit

— host country unit

— hosted unit

— HQ & HQ unit

— HQ field press censorship unit

— HQ unit

— human research unit

— hydraulic system test and repair unit

— hydro-volume steering unit

— identify a unit

— immunizing unit

— incendiary bomb load unit

— incendiary oil mixing and transfer unit

— incoming unit

— independent unit

— infantry unit

— infectious unit

— Information Systems unit

— insert units into an objective

— inshore undersea warfare attack unit

— inshore undersea warfare surveillance unit

— instruction unit

— integrated sight unit

— Intelligence Corps unit

— intelligence field unit

— interchange units

— interior unit

— intermediate maintenance support unit

— interrogation and captured documents unit

— interrogation unit

— ion change water purification unit

— IR-aiming unit

— IR-communications unit

— IR-detection unit

— isolated unit

— issuing unit

— joint FAC training and standards unit

— jungle expert unit

— junior infantry unit

— junior leaders' unit

— Junior ROTC unit

— junior training unit

— knapsack-pack water filter unit

— labor service unit

— labor supervision unit

— land-based missile unit

— landing craft recovery unit

— landing craft repair unit

— landing obstruction clearing unit

— large unit

— laser communications field unit

— launch command cable lines switching unit

— launcher-fire control system interface unit

— laying unit

— leadership human research unit

— leaflet unit

— lean unit

— liaison unit

— light airborne armored unit

— light armored unit

— light maintenance unit

— line replaceable unit

— live unit

— load aircraft unit

— logistics support unit

— long-range patrol unit

— losing unit

— loudspeaker unit

— main battle area unit

— major unit

— man a unit

— manned maneuvering unit

— manning unit

— manpack radio unit

— map making unit

— mapping unit

— march unit

— Marine amphibious unit

— Marine expeditionary unit

— Marine training unit

— marksmanship training unit

— master augmentation unit

— material handling unit

— mechanized infantry unit

— mechanized-heavy unit

— medical holding unit

— medical research team unit

— medium maintenance unit

— meritorious unit

— messing unit

— military government unit

— military intelligence unit

— military line of communications unit

— military unit

— militia unit

— mine watcher unit

— miniature solar energy unit

— minor unit

— missile countermeasures unit

— missile firing unit

— missile service unit

— missile technical unit

— missile training unit

— missile-armed unit

— mixed air defense unit

— mixed unit

— mobile ammunition evaluation and reconditioning unit

— mobile bath unit

— mobile floating assault bridge/ferry unit

— mobile inspection unit

— mobile laundry unit

— mobile loudspeaker unit

— mobile low-level reporting and control unit

— mobile obstacle unit

— mobile radio unit

— mobile surgical unit

— mobile technical unit

— mobile training unit

— mobile unit

— modular unit

— mortar unit

— motorized infantry unit

— motorized unit

— multipurpose hospital unit

— munition dummy unit

— munitions maintenance unit

— muster a unit

— naval air unit

— naval beach unit

— naval build-up unit

— nonactive military unit

— non-APC unit

— nonconstituted unit

— nondeploying reserve component unit

— nondivisional service support unit

— nondivisional units

— nonflag-bearing unit

— nonflexible unit

— nonflying combat unit

— nonmanning unit

— nonnuclear cannon FA unit

— nonorganic supporting unit

— nonrifle unit

— nonscheduled unit

— nontactical unit

— not-ready unit

— nuclear cannon FA unit

— nuclear delivery unit

— nuclear fire unit

— nuclear weapon carrier unit

— nuclear weapon custodial unit

— nuclear weapon unit

— nuclear weapons maintenance unit

— nuclear-capable fire unit

— numbered unit

— offensive unit

— officer cadet training unit

— officer candidate training unit

— officer files unit

— off-line cipher unit

— on-line cipher unit

— on-order unit

— on-site unit

— operating unit

— operational conversion unit

— operational training unit

— operational units

— operationally ready unit

— optronic tracking unit

— ordnance disposal unit

— organic supporting unit

— organized unit

— original unit

— other ranks training unit

— outgoing unit

— out-of-sector unit

— parachute unit

— para-commando unit

— paramilitary unit

— parent unit

— passive filter unit

— passive filtration unit

— penal unit

— petroleum supply unit

— pioneer unit

— place units to the flank of the enemy advanced elements

— place units to the rear of the enemy advanced elements

— pocket ciphering unit

— point unit

— pontoon bridge unit

— port operations unit

— postal and courier unit

— postal unit

— prelaunch operations sequence control unit

— propulsion unit

— provisional unit

— provost unit

— psychological operations unit

— pure unit

— QM unit

— quick-reaction alert unit

— quick-strike unit

— radar reporting unit

— radio research unit

— rail unit

— raise a unit

— Rangers unit

— reactivate a unit

— ready unit

— rear-based unit

— reception unit

— reconstitute a unit

— recovery unit

— reduced unit

— reduction unit

— regular line unit

— regular unit

— reinforcement holding unit

— reinforcing unit

— rejoin one's unit

— remote indication and control unit

— remote maneuvering unit

— replacement training unit

— replacement unit

— replenishment unit

— reported unit

— reserve augmentation unit

— reserve component affiliated unit

— reserve component unit

— reserve roundout unit

— restructured unit

— revert to the parent unit

— rifle unit

— road unit

— road-bound unit

— rocket artillery unit

— rocket countermeasures unit

— rocket launcher unit

— rotary screw water propulsion unit

— rotating unit

— rotational unit

— sabotage/ reconnaissance unit

— SAC strategic reconnaissance unit

— scale a unit

— screening unit

— screw water propulsion unit

— sea-based missile unit

— search-attack unit

— security assistance training unit

— self-contained back-packed unit

— self-contained unit

— self-destruction unit

— semi-active unit

— semimobile unit

— sequence firing unit

— service unit

— set-up unit

— sexually integrated unit

— shoot a unit

— shore installation protection unit

— short fall unit

— sideslip a unit

— sighting unit

— SIGINT unit

— signal recognition unit

— signal unit

— sister unit

— skeleton unit

— skeletonize a unit

— small battle unit

— small unit

— soil sterilizer unit

— solitary unit

— spearhead unit

— special ammunition service unit

— special intelligence/ EW unit

— special investigations unit

— special observation unit

— special training unit

— split unit

— sponsored unit

— squadron augment unit

— standby unit

— stay-behind unit

— strategic psychological operations unit

— strategic unit

— string out a unit

— strip away reconnaissance units from the main force

— strip units

— student unit

— subordinate unit

— superior unit

— supper unit

— supplemental unit

— supply and maintenance unit

— supply unit

— supported unit

— supporting unit

— surgical unit

— surveillance unit

— surveying unit

— suspension unit

— sustaining unit

— table of distribution and allowance unit

— tactical cover and deception unit

— tactical large unit

— tactical military intelligence unit

— tactical psychological operations unit

— tactical training support unit

— tank transport unit

— tank unit

— target acquisition unit

— task unit

— technical service unit

— television sight unit

— tenant unit

— theater level unit

— TOE unit

— topographic unit

— track water propulsion unit

— traffic regulation unit

— training marine ship detachment unit

— training unit

— transportation unit

— traversing unit

— troop unit

— truck transport unit

— umpire out a unit

— unconventional unit

— understrength unit

— unit in contact

— unit in infantry role

— unit of assignment

— unit of combined arms and services

— unit of credit

— unit of employment

— unit of equipment

— unit of fire

— unit of issue

— unit of origin

— unit under test

— units to round-out the active Army

— unmanned unit

— user unit

— using unit

— utility unit

— van unit

— vehicle tilt compensation unit

— vehicle-operating unit

— vehicular unit

— water propulsion unit

— water purification and distillation unit

— water purification unit

— water treatment unit

— weapon training unit

— weapons location unit

— weapons practice unit

— weapons unit

— wet unit

— wireless observer unit

— workshop unit

* * *

1) часть; 2) единица

English-Russian military dictionary > unit
13 elephantine

1. a слоновый

elephantine bodies — туши слонов

2. a слоноподобный, неуклюжий, тяжеловесный

elephantine grace — слоновая грация

elephantine humour — тяжеловесный юмор

3. a уст. из слоновой кости

Elephantine books — древнеримские записи на дощечках из слоновой кости

elephantine book — книга на дощечках из слоновой кости

Синонимический ряд:

1. heavy (adj.) cumbersome; heavy

2. huge (adj.) gargantuan; giant; gigantic; heroic; huge; immense; mammoth; massive; mighty; monumental; mountainous; planetary; prodigious; stupendous; titanic; tremendous; vast

3. laboured (adj.) heavy-handed; laboured; ponderous

4. large and clumsy (adj.) awkward; clumsy; enormous; large; large and clumsy; monstrous; ungainly; ungraceful

English-Russian base dictionary > elephantine
14 Booth, Hubert Cecil

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering, Domestic appliances and interiors, Mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic engineering, Ports and shipping

[br]

b. 1871 Gloucester, England d. 1955

[br]

English mechanical, civil and construction engineer best remembered as the inventor of the vacuum cleaner.

[br]

As an engineer Booth contributed to the design of engines for Royal Navy battleships, designed and supervised the erection of a number of great wheels (in Blackpool, Vienna and Paris) and later designed factories and bridges.

In 1900 he attended a demonstration, at St Paneras Station in London, of a new form of railway carriage cleaner that was supposed to blow the dirt into a container. It was not a very successful experiment and Booth, having considered the problem carefully, decided that sucking might be better than blowing. He tried out his idea by placing a piece of damp cloth over an upholstered armchair. When he sucked air by mouth through his cloth the dirt upon it was tangible proof of his theory.

Various attempts were being made at this time, especially in America, to find a successful cleaner of carpets and upholstery. Booth produced the first truly satisfactory machine, which he patented in 1901, and coined the term "vacuum cleaner". He formed the Vacuum Cleaner Co. (later to become Goblin BVC Ltd) and began to manufacture his machines. For some years the company provided a cleaning service to town houses, using a large and costly vacuum cleaner (the first model cost £350). Painted scarlet, it measured 54×10×42 in. (137×25×110 cm) and was powered by a petrol-driven 5 hp piston engine. It was transported through the streets on a horse-driven van and was handled by a team of operators who parked outside the house to be cleaned. With the aid of several hundred feet of flexible hose extending from the cleaner through the windows into all the rooms, the machine sucked the dirt of decades from the carpets; at the first cleaning the weight of many such carpets was reduced by 50 per cent as the dirt was sucked away.

Many attempts were made in Europe and America to produce a smaller and less expensive machine. Booth himself designed the chief British model in 1906, the Trolley- Vac, which was wheeled around the house on a trolley. Still elaborate, expensive and heavy, this machine could, however, be operated inside a room and was powered from an electric light fitting. It consisted of a sophisticated electric motor and a belt-driven rotary vacuum pump. Various hoses and fitments made possible the cleaning of many different surfaces and the dust was trapped in a cloth filter within a small metal canister. It was a superb vacuum cleaner but cost 35 guineas and weighed a hundredweight (50 kg), so it was difficult to take upstairs.

Various alternative machines that were cheaper and lighter were devised, but none was truly efficient until a prototype that married a small electric motor to the machine was produced in 1907 in America.

[br]

Further Reading

The Story of the World's First Vacuum Cleaner, Leatherhead: BSR (Housewares) Ltd. See also Hoover, William Henry.

DY

Biographical history of technology > Booth, Hubert Cecil
15 Fox, Samuel

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors

[br]

b. 1815 Bradfield, near Sheffield, England

d. February 1887 Sheffield, England

[br]

English inventor of the curved steel umbrella frame.

[br]

Samuel Fox was the son of a weaver's shuttle maker in the hamlet of Bradwell (probably Bradfield, near Sheffield) in the remote hills. He went to Sheffield and served an apprenticeship in the steel trade. Afterwards, he worked with great energy and industry until he acquired sufficient capital to start in business on his own account at Stocksbridge, near Sheffield. It was there that he invented what became known as "Fox's Paragon Frame" for umbrellas. Whalebone or solid steel had previously been used for umbrella ribs, but whalebone was unreliable and steel was heavy. Fox realized that if he grooved the ribs he could make them both lighter and more elastic. In his first patent, taken out in 1852, he described making the ribs and stretchers of parasols and umbrellas from a narrow strip of steel plate partially bent into a trough-like form. He took out five more patents. The first, in 1853, was for strengthening the joints. His next two, in 1856 and 1857, were more concerned with preparing the steel for making the ribs. Another patent in 1857 was basically for improving the formation of the bit at the end of the rib where it was fixed to the stretcher and where the end of the rib has to be formed into a boss: this was so it could have a pin fixed through it to act as a pivot when the umbrella has to be opened or folded and yet support the rib and stretcher. The final patent, in 1865, reverted once more to improving the manufacture of the ribs. He made a fortune before other manufacturers knew what he was doing. Fox established a works at Lille when he found that the French import duties and other fiscal arrangements hindered exporting umbrellas and successful trading there, and was thereby able to develop a large and lucrative business.

[br]

Bibliography

1852. British patent no. 14,055 (curved steel ribs and stretchers for umbrellas). 1853. British patent no. 739 (strengthened umbrella joints).

1856. British patent no. 2,741 (ribs and stretchers for umbrellas). 1857. British patent no. 1,450 (steel wire for umbrellas).

1857, British patent no. 1,857 (forming the bit attached to the ribs). 1865, British patent no. 2,348 (improvements in making the ribs).

Further Reading

Obituary, 1887, Engineer 63.

Obituary, 1887, Iron 29.

RLH

Biographical history of technology > Fox, Samuel
16 type

1) тип; (типичный) образец; вид

2) литера; буква; знак

3) шрифт

4) печатать на машине

5) вводить (данные), набирать

6) распечатывать на выходе

- type for hand-setting

- type for hot foil processing

- in type

- type in

- type out

- type of sensitizing

- advertizing type

- aldine type

- aluminum type

- antique type

- Arabic type

- back slant type

- bastard type

- battered type

- bind type

- black type

- black-letter type

- block type

- Bodoni book type

- body type

- bold type

- bold condensed type

- bold-faced type

- book type

- bottled type

- brass type

- broad type

- caked type

- calligraphic type

- capital type

- caslon type

- century type

- century schoolbook type

- chromatic type

- clarendon type

- cold type

- composed type

- condensed type

- cursive type

- curved type

- display type

- dot type

- dry transfer type

- Egyptian type

- Elzevir type

- embossing type

- expanded type

- extended type

- extrabold type

- extracondensed type

- extralight type

- fancy type

- fat-faced type

- fine type

- fine and heavy-lined type

- fine-serif type

- flat-serif type

- foundry type

- fracture type

- Garamond type

- German type

- glass type

- Gothic type

- Greek type

- half-dark type

- hand-set type

- headline type

- heavy type

- incorrodible type

- incorrosize type

- italic type

- jobbing types

- jumbled type

- large type

- lean type

- light-face type

- lower-case type

- machine-set type

- map type

- medium type

- modern-face type

- modern italic type

- music type

- nonrelief type

- oblique type

- old English type

- old-face type

- old-face italic type

- old-style type

- ordinary type

- outline type

- plain type

- plastic type

- poster type

- press type

- printer's type

- printing type

- readable type

- record type

- regular type

- reverse type

- revived old-style type

- Roman type

- rub-off type

- sanserif type

- Schwabacher type

- script type

- semibold type

- shadow type

- skeleton type

- slab-serif type

- slant type

- sloping type

- square-serif type

- thin type

- title type

- typewriter type

- upright type

- wedgeshaped type

- wide type

- wood type

- worn type

Англо-русский словарь по полиграфии и издательскому делу > type
17 type

1. тип; образец; вид

generic data type — родовой тип данных; данные родового типа

floating point type — плавающий тип; тип с плавающей запятой

stacker type delivery tray — приемный стол стапельного типа

screw type core pusher — выталкиватель керна винтового типа

poppet type check valve — обратный клапан тарельчатого типа

2. литера; буква; знак

type character — знак

parts of type — элементы знака

type front — передняя стенка литеры

type distortion unit — устройство трансформации знаков

type overlay — частичное накладывание букв друг на друга

3. шрифт

type face — вид шрифта

set of type — сет шрифта

type body — кегль шрифта

type size — кегль шрифта

hot type — отливной шрифт

4. печатать на машине

to type a letter — напечатать на машинке письмо

decked type press — печатная машина ярусного типа

decker type press — печатная машина ярусного типа

decked type press — печатная машина ярусного типа

to type single space — печатать через один интервал

5. вводить, набирать

set in type — набирать; набрать

to set up type — набирать шрифт

6. распечатывать на выходе

type for hand-setting — литера для ручного набора

type for hot foil processing — шрифт для горячей обработки фольги

in type — в наборе

to type in — вводить ; набирать

to type out — распечатывать на выходе

type of sensitizing — степень сенсибилизации

advertizing type — рекламный акцидентный шрифт

aldine type — шрифт альдине

aluminum type — алюминиевый шрифт

antique type — шрифт антиква

Arabic type — арабский шрифт

type out — распечатывать на выходе

7. «чужая» литера; буква, ошибочно попавшая в набор

set-up type — набор

type matter — набор

set type — тип набора

type setting — набор

loan type — вид кредита

8. сбитая литера; дефектная буква

battered type — сбитая литера; дефектная буква

bind type — вид скрепления

black type — жирный шрифт

black-letter type — староанглийский готический шрифт

block type — гротесковый шрифт; рубленый шрифт, шрифт без засечек

Bodoni book type — книжный шрифт Бодони

body type — шрифт основного текста; обычный прямой шрифт для сплошного набора

bold type — жирный шрифт

bold condensed type — узкий жирный шрифт

bold-faced type — жирный шрифт

book type — шрифт основного текста; книжный шрифт

bottled type — неровный шрифт

brass type — латунный шрифт

broad type — широкий шрифт

caked type — слипшийся шрифт

calligraphic type — каллиграфический шрифт; рукописный шрифт

capital type — прописной шрифт

caslon type — шрифт «Кеслон»

century type — шрифт «Сенчери»

century schoolbook type — шрифт для учебников

chromatic type — составной шрифт для печати в несколько красок

type test pattern — штриховая мира для контроля качества воспроизведения букв

9. шрифт для наборно-пишущих машин

type height — рост шрифта

type machine — тип машины

type machines — тип машин

type style — стиль шрифта

Roman type — шрифт антиква

10. переводной или разрезной шрифт

composed type — набранный шрифт

condensed type — узкий шрифт

cursive type — рукописный шрифт

curved type — крупный деревянный шрифт с выгнутым основанием

display type — выделительный шрифт

dot type — точечная печать

dry transfer type — переводной шрифт

black type — жирный шрифт

light type — светлый шрифт

type font — печатный шрифт

slant type — наклонный шрифт

type sort — гарнитура шрифта

11. шрифт эльзевир

printing type — типографский шрифт

printer's type — типографский шрифт

readable type — удобочитаемый шрифт

type style selection — выбор шрифта

distribution of type — разбор шрифта

12. книга, изданная Эльзевиром

embossing type — тиснёный шрифт

expanded type — широкий шрифт

extrabold type — сверхжирный шрифт, шрифт особой насыщенности

extracondensed type — сверхузкий шрифт

extralight type — экстрасветлый шрифт

fancy type — шрифт, украшенный орнаментом

fat-faced type — жирный шрифт

fine type — светлый шрифт

fine and heavy-lined type — шрифт с большой контрастностью между основными и волосными штрихами

fine-serif type — шрифт с тонкими засечками

flat-serif type — египетский шрифт

foundry type — шрифт, отлитый в словолитне

fracture type — фрактура

Garamond type — шрифт Гарамона

German type — немецкий шрифт

glass type — стеклянный шрифт

Gothic type — готический шрифт

Greek type — греческий шрифт

half-dark type — полужирный шрифт

hand-set type — шрифт для ручного набора

headline type — заголовочный шрифт

heavy type — жирный шрифт

incorrodible type — нержавеющий шрифт

italic type — курсив, курсивный шрифт

jobbing types — шрифты для акцидентных работ

jumbled type — смешанный шрифт

large type — крупнокегельный шрифт

lean type — узкий шрифт

light-face type — светлый шрифт

lower-case type — строчной шрифт

machine-set type — шрифт, отлитый на буквоотливной наборной машине

map type — картографический шрифт

medium type — полужирный шрифт

modern-face type — прямой шрифт нового стиля

modern italic type — курсивный шрифт нового стиля

music type — типографские нотные литеры; знаки нотного набора

nonrelief type — выворотный шрифт

oblique type — наклонный шрифт

old English type — готический английский шрифт

old-face type — шрифт старого стиля

old-face italic type — курсивный шрифт старого стиля

old-style type — шрифт старого стиля

ordinary type — обычный шрифт

outline type — контурный шрифт

plain type — светлый шрифт

plastic type — шрифт из пластмассы

poster type — плакатный шрифт

press type — тип печатной машины

Elzevir type — книга, изданная Эльзевиром

type specimen book — книга с образцами шрифтов

type specification book — книга с образцами шрифтов

13. запись

type record — тип "запись"

common type record — запись общего типа

current of record type — текущая запись типа записи

14. тип записи

regular type — нормальный шрифт

reverse type — выворотный шрифт

enumerated type — перечислимый тип

homotopy type — гомотопический тип

restricted data type — строгий тип

Hollerith data type — текстовой тип

balanced type — уравновешенный тип

15. прямой шрифт

wood type — деревянный шрифт

worn type — изношенный шрифт

expanded type — широкий шрифт

lean-faced type — узкий шрифт

type caster — отливщик шрифта

16. латинский шрифт

clarity of type — четкость шрифта

series of type — гарнитура шрифта

incorrosize type — нержавеющий шрифт

to lay the type — раскладывать шрифт

incorrodible type — нержавеющий шрифт

17. шрифт антиква

rub-off type — переводной шрифт

sanserif type — рубленый шрифт, шрифт без засечек, шрифт сансериф

Schwabacher type — швабский шрифт

script type — рукописный шрифт

semibold type — полужирный шрифт

shadow type — оттеночный шрифт

skeleton type — контурный шрифт

slab-serif type — египетский шрифт

slant type — наклонный шрифт

square-serif type — шрифт с прямоугольными засечками

thin type — узкий шрифт

title type — титульный шрифт, заголовочный шрифт

typewriter type — машинописная гарнитура, шрифт для пишущей машинки

upright type — прямой шрифт

wedgeshaped type — клинообразный шрифт

wide type — широкий шрифт

type casting — отливка шрифта

sloping type — наклонный шрифт

type family — гарнитура шрифта

type specimen — образец шрифта

black-faced type — жирный шрифт

English-Russian big polytechnic dictionary > type
18 unwieldy

adjective

(large and awkward to carry or manage: A piano is an unwieldy thing to move.) incómodo; difícil de manejar; voluminoso

- unwieldiness

unwieldy

tr[ʌn'wiːldɪ]

adjective (comp unwieldier, superl unwieldiest)

1 (hard to handle) difícil de manejar, poco manejable; (cumbersome) abultado,-a, voluminoso,-a

2 (heavy) pesado,-a; (clumsy) torpe, patoso,-a

unwieldy [.ʌn'wi:ldi] adj

cumbersome: difícil de manejar, torpe y pesado

unwieldy

adj.

• abultado, -a adj.

• pesado, -a adj.

ʌn'wiːldi
adjective -dier, -diest

a) <tool/weapon/tome> pesado y difícil de manejar

b) <system/procedure> rígido, poco flexible

[ʌn'wiːldɪ]
ADJ
1) (=difficult to handle) [object] difícil de manejar

2) (=difficult to manage) [system, structure, bureaucracy] rígido

* * *
[ʌn'wiːldi]
adjective -dier, -diest

a) <tool/weapon/tome> pesado y difícil de manejar

b) <system/procedure> rígido, poco flexible

English-spanish dictionary > unwieldy
19 Angola

(and Enclave of Cabinda)

   From 1575 to 1975, Angola was a colony of Portugal. Located in west-central Africa, this colony has been one of the largest, most strategically located, and richest in mineral and agricultural resources in the continent. At first, Portugal's colonial impact was largely coastal, but after 1700 it became more active in the interior. By international treaties signed between 1885 and 1906, Angola's frontiers with what are now Zaire and Zambia were established. The colony's area was 1,246,700 square kilometers (481,000 square miles), Portugal's largest colonial territory after the independence of Brazil. In Portugal's third empire, Angola was the colony with the greatest potential.

   The Atlantic slave trade had a massive impact on the history, society, economy, and demography of Angola. For centuries, Angola's population played a subordinate role in the economy of Portugal's Brazil-centered empire. Angola's population losses to the slave trade were among the highest in Africa, and its economy became, to a large extent, hostage to the Brazilian plantation-based economic system. Even after Brazil's independence in 1822, Brazilian economic interests and capitalists were influential in Angola; it was only after Brazil banned the slave trade in 1850 that the heavy slave traffic to former Portuguese America began to wind down. Although slavery in Angola was abolished, in theory, in the 1870s, it continued in various forms, and it was not until the early 1960s that its offspring, forced labor, was finally ended.

   Portugal's economic exploitation of Angola went through different stages. During the era of the Atlantic slave trade (ca. 1575-1850), when many of Angola's slaves were shipped to Brazil, Angola's economy was subordinated to Brazil's and to Portugal's. Ambitious Lisbon-inspired projects followed when Portugal attempted to replace the illegal slave trade, long the principal income source for the government of Angola, with legitimate trade, mining, and agriculture. The main exports were dyes, copper, rubber, coffee, cotton, and sisal. In the 1940s and 1950s, petroleum emerged as an export with real potential. Due to the demand of the World War II belligerents for Angola's raw materials, the economy experienced an impetus, and soon other articles such as diamonds, iron ore, and manganese found new customers. Angola's economy, on an unprecedented scale, showed significant development, which was encouraged by Lisbon. Portugal's colonization schemes, sending white settlers to farm in Angola, began in earnest after 1945, although such plans had been nearly a century in the making. Angola's white population grew from about 40,000 in 1940 to nearly 330,000 settlers in 1974, when the military coup occurred in Portugal.

   In the early months of 1961, a war of African insurgency broke out in northern Angola. Portugal dispatched armed forces to suppress resistance, and the African insurgents were confined to areas on the borders of northern and eastern Angola at least until the 1966-67 period. The 13-year colonial war had a telling impact on both Angola and Portugal. When the Armed Forces Movement overthrew the Estado Novo on 25 April 1974, the war in Angola had reached a stalemate and the major African nationalist parties (MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA) had made only modest inroads in the northern fringes and in central and eastern Angola, while there was no armed activity in the main cities and towns.

   After a truce was called between Portugal and the three African parties, negotiations began to organize the decolonizat ion process. Despite difficult maneuvering among the parties, Portugal, the MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA signed the Alvor Agreement of January 1975, whereby Portugal would oversee a transition government, create an all-Angola army, and supervise national elections to be held in November 1975. With the outbreak of a bloody civil war among the three African parties and their armies, the Alvor Agreement could not be put into effect. Fighting raged between March and November 1975. Unable to prevent the civil war or to insist that free elections be held, Portugal's officials and armed forces withdrew on 11 November 1975. Rather than handing over power to one party, they transmitted sovereignty to the people of Angola. Angola's civil war continued into the 21st century.

    See also Empire, Portuguese overseas.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Angola
20 sea

si:
1. noun
1) ((often with the) the mass of salt water covering most of the Earth's surface: I enjoy swimming in the sea; over land and sea; The sea is very deep here; (also adjective) A whale is a type of large sea animal.) mar

2) (a particular area of sea: the Baltic Sea; These fish are found in tropical seas.) mar

3) (a particular state of the sea: mountainous seas.) mar

•

- seawards
- seaward
- seaboard
- sea breeze
- seafaring
- seafood
2. adjective
seafood restaurants.) de marisco

- seafront
- sea-going
- seagull
- sea level
- sea-lion
- seaman
- seaport
- seashell
- seashore
- seasick
- seasickness
- seaside
- seaweed
- seaworthy
- seaworthiness
- at sea
- go to sea
- put to sea

sea n mar

by sea por mar / en barco

Del verbo ser: ( conjugate ser) \ \
sea es: \ \
1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo
Multiple Entries: sea ser
sea,
◊ seas, etc see ser

ser ( conjugate ser) cópula 1 ( seguido de adjetivos) to be
◊ ser expresses identity or nature as opposed to condition or state, which is normally conveyed by estar. The examples given below should be contrasted with those to be found in estar 1 cópula 1 es bajo/muy callado he's short/very quiet;
es sorda de nacimiento she was born deaf; es inglés/católico he's English/(a) Catholic; era cierto it was true; sé bueno, estate quieto be a good boy and keep still; que seas muy feliz I hope you'll be very happy; (+ me/te/le etc)
◊ siempre le he sido fiel I've always been faithful to her;
ver tb imposible, difícil etc 2 ( hablando de estado civil) to be;
◊ el mayor es casado the oldest is married;
es viuda she's a widow; ver tb estar 1 cópula 2 3 (seguido de nombre, pronombre) to be;
◊ soy abogada I'm a lawyer;
ábreme, soy yo open the door, it's me 4 (con predicado introducido por `de'):
◊ esos zapatos son de plástico those shoes are (made of) plastic;
soy de Córdoba I'm from Cordoba; es de los vecinos it belongs to the neighbors, it's the neighbors'; no soy de aquí I'm not from around here 5 (hipótesis, futuro):
◊ será un error it must be a mistake;
¿será cierto? can it be true? verbo intransitivo 1
a) ( existir) to be

b) (liter) ( en cuentos):

◊ érase una vez … once upon a time there was …
2
a) (tener lugar, ocurrir):

◊ la fiesta va a sea en su casa the party is going to be (held) at her house;
¿dónde fue el accidente? where did the accident happen?
b) ( en preguntas):

◊ ¿qué habrá sido de él? I wonder what happened to o what became of him;
¿qué es de Marisa? (fam) what's Marisa up to (these days)? (colloq); ¿qué va a ser de nosotros? what will become of us? 3 ( sumar):
◊ ¿cuánto es (todo)? how much is that (altogether)?;
son 3.000 pesos that'll be o that's 3,000 pesos; somos diez en total there are ten of us altogether 4 (indicando finalidad, adecuación) sea para algo to be for sth;
◊ este agua es para beber this water is for drinking
( en locs)
◊ a no ser que (+ subj) unless;
¿cómo es eso? why is that?, how come? (colloq); como/cuando/donde sea: tengo que conseguir ese trabajo como sea I have to get that job no matter what; hazlo como sea, pero hazlo do it any way o however you want but get it done; el lunes o cuando sea next Monday or whenever; puedo dormir en el sillón o donde sea I can sleep in the armchair or wherever you like o anywhere you like; de ser así (frml) should this be so o the case (frml); ¡eso es! that's it!, that's right!; es que …: ¿es que no lo saben? do you mean to say they don't know?; es que no sé nadar the thing is I can't swim; lo que sea: cómete una manzana, o lo que sea have an apple or something; estoy dispuesta a hacer lo que sea I'm prepared to do whatever it takes; o sea: en febrero, o sea hace un mes in February, that is to say a month ago; o sea que no te interesa in other words, you're not interested; o sea que nunca lo descubriste so you never found out; (ya) sea …, (ya) sea … either …, or …; sea como sea at all costs; sea cuando sea whenever it is; sea donde sea no matter where; sea quien sea whoever it is; si no fuera/hubiera sido por … if it wasn't o weren't/hadn't been for … ( en el tiempo) to be;
◊ ¿qué fecha es hoy? what's the date today?, what's today's date;
serían las cuatro cuando llegó it must have been (about) four (o'clock) when she arrived; ver tb v impers sea v impers to be;
◊ era primavera it was spring(time)
sea v aux ( en la voz pasiva) to be; fue construido en 1900 it was built in 1900 ■ sustantivo masculino 1
a) ( ente) being;

◊ sea humano/vivo human/living being

b) (individuo, persona):

◊ un sea querido a loved one
2 ( naturaleza):
◊ desde lo más profundo de mi sea from the bottom of my heart

ser
I sustantivo masculino
1 being: es un ser despreciable, he's despicable
ser humano, human being
ser vivo, living being
2 (esencia) essence: eso forma parte de su ser, that is part of him
II verbo intransitivo
1 (cualidad) to be: eres muy modesto, you are very modest
2 (fecha) to be: hoy es lunes, today is Monday
ya es la una, it's one o'clock
3 (cantidad) eran unos cincuenta, there were about fifty people (al pagar) ¿cuánto es?, how much is it?
son doscientas, it is two hundred pesetas Mat dos y tres son cinco, two and three make five
4 (causa) aquella mujer fue su ruina, that woman was his ruin
5 (oficio) to be a(n): Elvira es enfermera, Elvira is a nurse
6 (pertenencia) esto es mío, that's mine
es de Pedro, it is Pedro's
7 (afiliación) to belong: es del partido, he's a member of the party
es un chico del curso superior, he is a boy from the higher year
8 (origen) es de Málaga, she is from Málaga
¿de dónde es esta fruta? where does this fruit come from?
9 (composición, material) to be made of: este jersey no es de lana, this sweater is not (made of) wool
10 ser de, (afinidad, comparación) lo que hizo fue de tontos, what she did was a foolish thing
11 (existir) Madrid ya no es lo que era, Madrid isn't what it used to be
12 (suceder) ¿qué fue de ella?, what became of her?
13 (tener lugar) to be: esta tarde es el entierro, the funeral is this evening 14 ser para, (finalidad) to be for: es para pelar patatas, it's for peeling potatoes (adecuación, aptitud) no es una película para niños, the film is not suitable for children
esta vida no es para ti, this kind of life is not for you
15 (efecto) era para llorar, it was painful
es (como) para darle una bofetada, it makes me want to slap his face
no es para tomárselo a broma, it is no joke
16 (auxiliar en pasiva) to be: fuimos rescatados por la patrulla de la Cruz Roja, we were rescued by the Red Cross patrol
17 ser de (+ infinitivo) era de esperar que se marchase, it was to be expected that she would leave Locuciones: a no ser que, unless
como sea, anyhow
de no ser por..., had it not been for
es más, furthermore
es que..., it's just that...
lo que sea, whatever
o sea, that is (to say)
sea como sea, in any case o be that as it may
ser de lo que no hay, to be the limit ' sea' also found in these entries: Spanish: adentro - arrastrar - besugo - blanca - blanco - caballito - comunicar - cualquiera - elefante - ser - erizo - erotizar - espada - exclusión - flexible - gruesa - grueso - hipocampo - loba - lobo - lubina - mar - marina - marino - marítima - marítimo - negarse - nivel - no - oportuna - oportuno - orientarse - respeto - segundón - segundona - siquiera - sugestión - un - una - vía - agrado - alto - altura - barco - bendito - breve - bruma - caer - calma - Caribe English: above - apply - as - blast - calm - can - Caribbean - clingy - damn - danger - Dead Sea - devil - facing - however - lost - lung - matter - may - Mediterranean - mist - place - prospect - Red Sea - sea - sea dog - sea lion - sea mist - sea-fish - sea-green - sea-lane - sea-level - sea-water - shame - sink - so - South Sea Islands - spin out - splendid - though - urchin - view - voyage - whenever - whichever - whoever - whose - wonder - word - Adriatic - Aegean

sea

tr[siː]

noun

1 mar m & f

■ we love swimming in the sea nos encanta nadar en el mar

■ the sea is calm/rough today la mar está serena/picada hoy

■ a heavy/light sea una mar gruesa/llana

2 figurative use mar nombre masculino, multitud nombre femenino

■ a sea of faces un mar de caras

adjective

1 marítimo,-a, de mar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

at sea en el mar

by the sea a orillas del mar

out to sea mar adentro

to be all at sea estar perdido,-a, estar confundido,-a

to find one's sea legs acostumbrarse al mar, no marearse

to go by sea ir en barco

to go to sea hacerse marinero

to put (out) to sea zarpar, hacerse a la mar

to send something by sea enviar algo por mar

sea air aire nombre masculino de mar

sea anemone anémona de mar

sea bass lubina, róbalo

sea bird ave nombre femenino marina

sea bream pagro, pargo

sea breeze brisa marina

sea captain capitán nombre masculino de barco

sea change cambio radical, metamorfosis nombre femenino

sea cow manatí nombre masculino

sea dog lobo de mar

sea fog bruma

sea green verde nombre masculino mar

sea horse caballito de mar, hipocampo

sea kale col nombre femenino marina

sea legs equilibrio

sea level nivel nombre masculino del mar

sea lion león nombre masculino marino

sea mile milla marina (6000 pies ó 1000 brazas ó 1828,8 metros)

sea mist bruma

sea pink armenia marítima

sea power (country) potencia naval 2 (power) poderío naval

sea trout trucha de mar, reo

sea urchin erizo de mar

sea wall dique nombre masculino, rompeolas nombre masculino, malecón nombre masculino, espigón nombre masculino

sea ['si:] adj

: del mar

sea n

1) : mar mf

the Black Sea: el Mar Negro

on the high seas: en alta mar

heavy seas: mar gruesa, mar agitada

2) mass: mar m, multitud f

a sea of faces: un mar de rostros

sea

adj.

• marinero, -a adj.

• marino, -a adj.

n.

• mar s.f.

• mar s.m.

• océano s.m.

siː
noun

1) c

a) (often pl) ( ocean) mar m [The noun mar is feminine in literary language and in some set idiomatic expressions]

a house by the sea — una casa a orillas del mar, una casa junto al mar

to goavel by sea — ir*/viajar en barco

on the high seas — en alta mar

to put (out) to sea — hacerse* a la mar

we've been at sea for a month — hace un mes que estamos embarcados or que zarpamos

to dump waste at sea — verter* desechos en el mar

to feel/be at sea: this left him feeling completely at sea esto lo confundió totalmente; at first I was all at sea al principio me sentí totalmente perdido or confundido; (before n) <route, transport> marítimo; < battle> naval; < god> del mar; < nymph> marino; the sea air/breeze el aire/la brisa del mar; sea crossing — travesía f

b) ( inland) mar m

2) (swell, turbulence) (usu pl)

heavy o rough seas — mar f gruesa, mar m agitado or encrespado or picado

3) (large mass, quantity) (no pl)

a sea of faces — una multitud de rostros

a sea of people — una riada de gente

[siː]
1. N

1) (=not land) mar m (or f in some phrases)

• (out) at sea — en alta mar

to spend three years at sea — pasar tres años navegando

to remain two months at sea — estar navegando durante dos meses, pasar dos meses en el mar

• beside the sea — a la orilla del mar, junto al mar

• beyond the seas — más allá de los mares

from beyond the seas — desde más allá de los mares

• to go by sea — ir por mar

a house by the sea — una casa junto al mar or a la orilla del mar

• heavy sea(s) — mar agitado or picado

to ship a heavy sea — ser inundado por una ola grande

• on the high seas — en alta mar

• on the sea — (boat) en alta mar

• rough sea(s) — mar agitado or picado

• to sail the seas — navegar los mares

• the seven seas — todos los mares del mundo

• in Spanish seas — en aguas españolas

• the little boat was swept out to sea — la barquita fue arrastrada mar adentro

to go to sea — [person] hacerse marinero

to put (out) to sea — [sailor, boat] hacerse a la mar, zarpar

to stand out to sea — apartarse de la costa

- be all at sea about or with sth

- worse things happen at sea
north
2) (fig)

• a sea of blood — un río or mar de sangre

• a sea of corn — un mar de espigas

• a sea of faces — un mar de caras

• a sea of flame — un mar de llamas

• a sea of troubles — un mar de penas

2.

CPD

sea air N — aire m de mar

sea anemone N — anémona f de mar

sea bass N — corvina f

sea bathing N — baño m en el mar

sea battle N — batalla f naval

sea bed N — fondo m del mar, lecho m marino frm

sea bird N — ave f marina

sea boot N — bota f de marinero

sea bream N — besugo m

sea breeze N — brisa f marina

sea captain N — capitán m de barco

sea change N — (fig) viraje m, cambio m radical

sea chest † N — cofre m

sea coast N — litoral m, costa f marítima

sea cow N — manatí m

sea crossing N — travesía f

sea defences NPL — estructuras fpl de defensa (contra el mar)

sea dog N — (lit, fig) lobo m de mar

sea fight N — combate m naval

sea fish N — pez m marino

sea floor N — fondo m del mar

sea front N — paseo m marítimo

sea grass N — hierbas fpl marinas

sea green N — verde mar m
sea-green
sea horse N — caballito m de mar, hipocampo m

sea kale N — col f marina

sea lamprey N — lamprea f marina

sea lane N — ruta f marítima

sea legs NPL —

to find one's sea legs — mantener el equilibrio (en barco)

sea level N — nivel m del mar

800 metres above sea level — 800 metros sobre el nivel del mar

sea lion N — león m marino

sea mist N — bruma f marina

sea perch N — perca f de mar

sea power N — potencia f naval

sea room N — espacio m para maniobrar

sea route N — ruta f marítima

sea salt N — sal f marina

sea scout N — scout m / f marino(-a)

sea serpent N — serpiente f de mar

sea shanty N — saloma f

sea transport N — transporte m por mar, transporte m marítimo

sea trip N — viaje m por mar

sea trout N — trucha f marina, reo m

sea turtle N — (US) tortuga f de mar, tortuga f marina

sea urchin N — erizo m de mar

sea view N — (Brit) vistas fpl al mar

sea wall N — malecón m, rompeolas m inv

sea water N — agua f de mar

sea wrack N — algas fpl (en la playa)

* * *
[siː]
noun

1) c

a) (often pl) ( ocean) mar m [The noun mar is feminine in literary language and in some set idiomatic expressions]

a house by the sea — una casa a orillas del mar, una casa junto al mar

to go/travel by sea — ir*/viajar en barco

on the high seas — en alta mar

to put (out) to sea — hacerse* a la mar

we've been at sea for a month — hace un mes que estamos embarcados or que zarpamos

to dump waste at sea — verter* desechos en el mar

to feel/be at sea: this left him feeling completely at sea esto lo confundió totalmente; at first I was all at sea al principio me sentí totalmente perdido or confundido; (before n) <route, transport> marítimo; < battle> naval; < god> del mar; < nymph> marino; the sea air/breeze el aire/la brisa del mar; sea crossing — travesía f

b) ( inland) mar m

2) (swell, turbulence) (usu pl)

heavy o rough seas — mar f gruesa, mar m agitado or encrespado or picado

3) (large mass, quantity) (no pl)

a sea of faces — una multitud de rostros

a sea of people — una riada de gente

English-spanish dictionary > sea

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large and heavy

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large and heavy

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